Practical Control Methods and New Techniques for Mosquito Control

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2020) despite malaria cases being dramatically reduced over the past few decades. How-

ever, malaria is still the most deadly mosquito-borne virus as it kills about 500,000 per

year worldwide. The emergence and spread of yellow fever, zika, chikgunya, West Nile

viruses, the lack of vaccines, the shortage of effective insecticides, the increasing resis-

tance to insecticides by target mosquitos, and increasing of pathogens to drugs are still a

big challenge for the effective control of vector mosquitos and mosquito-borne diseases.

The U.S. reported that vector-borne cases have more than double from 2004 to 2018 and

are now at an all-time high (Petersen et al. 2019). Based on a CDC report (CDC, 2020),

during the last 15 years, the number of vector-borne disease cases has increased dramati-

cally as the ranges of vectors have expanded, and the number of emerging pathogens have

multiplied (Petersen et al. 2019). In part, this may be caused by global warming, climate,

and environmental changes (Bezirtzoglou et al. 2011), expansion of transportation, migra-

tion, and general globalization. Vector mosquito control remains one of the most critical

measures for the effective prevention and control of mosquito bites and mosquito-borne

diseases.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This chapter is partly based on work performed within the framework of IMAAC

(https://imaac.eu/) related to COST Action CA16227 (Investigation & Mathe-

matical Analysis of Avant-garde Disease Control via Mosquito Nano-Tech-Repellents,

https://cost.eu/actions/CA16227/), supported by COST Association (Euro-

pean Cooperation in Science and Technology).